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Mapping advance care planning and advance directives in Latin America
Author(s)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Fernanda Bono Fukushima
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Jenny T. van der Steen
Radboud University Nijmegen
Manuel Iván Cobas Rodríguez
Rasa Mikelyte
University of Kent
Daniel Neves Forte
Universidade de São Paulo
Alex Sander Watanabe Palácio
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Vilma Tripodoro
Universidad de Navarra
Mirna Garcia Burgoa
Douglas Henrique Crispim
Universidade de São Paulo
Alfredo Rodríguez-Núñez
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Luis Ricardo González Cruz
Mariuska Forteza Saéz
Instituto de Oncología y Radiobiología
Patricia Bonilla Sierra
Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja
Ancu Tatiana Feng Escobar
M. Godoy
Tulio Enrique Velásquez Castellanos
Mariana Saldaña
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Nisla Camaño Reyes
Miriam Elisa Riveros Ríos
Universidad Nacional de Asunción
Maria del Rosario Berenguel Cook
Gloria Castillo Pichardo
C Aguilar
Universidad Santa Paula
García Álvarez
Hospital Maciel
I. González
Leonardo de Andrade Rodrigues Brito
Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)
Edison Iglesias de Oliveira Vidal
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
Date Issued
5 de septiembre de 2025
Type
Article
Volume
24
Issue
1
Series/Report No.
BMC Palliative Care
Start Page
226
End Page
226
ISSN
1472-684X
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS: The extent to which low- and middle-income countries have implemented Advance Care Planning (ACP) and Advance Directives (AD) remains unclear. We aimed to map the current status of ACP/AD in Latin America. METHODS: This cross-sectional, mixed-methods survey of ACP/AD in LA comprised interviews with 18 key informants from 18 out of 20 countries, most of whom were appointed by national Palliative Care Associations. Online interviews were conducted with each informant, covering a range of relevant topics from AD regulations to the use of ACP/AD in the context of end-of-life clinical decision making. We performed member checking and data triangulation to confirm our findings. RESULTS: Only eight (44%) countries have some form of ACP/AD regulations. Most regulatory frameworks tend to adopt a legalistic pattern heavily influenced by the North American model. Despite that characteristic of AD regulations in LA, the leading strategy used by patients to avoid unwanted treatment at the end of life is through conversations with their families, whereas the least common strategy was consulting with a lawyer. In six (33%) countries, informants believed it was common for patients to grant their families permission to modify their previous choices regarding future treatments. The religiosity/spirituality of populations play an important role in the implementation of ACP in the region. Additionally, respecting patients' preferences of care at the end of life appears to be tied more to aspects related to the characteristics of doctor-patient relationship, and the degree of integration of palliative care into the healthcare system than the existence or content of AD regulations. There was consensus that none of the countries provide sufficient education about ACP/AD to healthcare professionals. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings encourage rethinking ACP/AD in LA from a decolonial perspective, considering characteristics such as the preference for a relational model of autonomy in several countries and the importance of taking the religiosity/spirituality of individuals into account during ACP conversations. Our data also suggest that honoring patients' preferences of care at the end of life entails integrating palliative care into health care systems, educating healthcare professionals and the population, and fostering longitudinal trusting relationships between those professionals, patients, and their families.
Keywords