Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Author(s)
Melsew Dagne Abate
Yohannes Abate
Samar Abd ElHafeez
Foad Abd-Allah
Ahmed Abdelalim
Atef Abdelkader
Michael Abdelmasseh
Sherief Abd‐Elsalam
Parsa Abdi
Arash Abdollahi
Meriem Abdoun
Rami Abd‐Rabu
Deldar Morad Abdulah
Auwal Abdullahi
Mesfin Abebe
Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zúñiga
E S Abhilash
Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun
Olumide Abiodun
Rahim Abo Kasem
Richard Gyan Aboagye
Mohamed Abouzid
Lucas Guimarães Abreu
Woldu Aberhe Abrha
Dariush Abtahi
Samir Abu‐Rumeileh
Ahmed Abualhasan
Hasan Abualruz
Eman Abu-Gharbieh
Hana J Abukhadijah
Niveen ME Abu-Rmeileh
Salahdein Aburuz
Ahmed Abu‐Zaid
Juan Acuña
Denberu Eshetie Adane
Mesafint Molla Adane
Isaac Yeboah Addo
Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin
Oyelola A. Adegboye
Victor Adekanmbi
Kishor Adhikari
Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani
Saryia Adra
Leticia Akua Adzigbli
Abdelrahman Yousry Afify
Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi
Fatemeh Afrashteh
Muhammad U. Afzal
Saira Afzal
Shahin Aghamiri
Williams Agyemang‐Duah
Bright Opoku Ahinkorah
Aqeel Ahmad
Muayyad Ahmad
Sajjad Ahmad
Shahzaib Ahmad
Tauseef Ahmad
Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade
Ali Ahmed
Ayman Ahmed
Haroon Ahmed
Syed Anees Ahmed
Marjan Ajami
Budi Aji
Essona Matatom Akara
Rufus Akinyemi
Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif
Ashley E Akrami
Salah Al Awaidy
Hanadi Al Hamad
Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan
Mohammad Al Qadire
Omar Al Ta’ani
Yazan A. Al‐Ajlouni
Samer O Alalalmeh
Tariq A. Alalwan
Ziyad Al‐Aly
Rasmieh Al‐Amer
Wafa Ali Aldhaleei
Mohammed S. Aldossary
Seyedeh Yasaman Alemohammad
Bassam Al‐Fatly
Adel Al‐Gheethi
Fadwa Alhalaiqa
Maryam Alharrasi
Abid Ali
Mohammed Usman Ali
Rafat Ali
Syed Shujait Ali
Waad Ali
Akram Al‐Ibraheem
Sheikh Mohammad Alif
Syed Mohamed Aljunid
Wael Almahmeed
Sabah Al-Marwani
Mahmoud A. Alomari
Jordi Alonso
Jaber S. Alqahtani
Rajaa M Mohammad Al-Raddadi
Ahmad Alrawashdeh
Mohammed Alsabri
Najim Z. Alshahrani
Zaid Altaany
Awais Altaf
Ala’a B. Al‐Tammemi
Diala Altwalbeh
Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán
Hassan Alwafi
Mohammad Al‐Wardat
Yaser Mohammed Al‐Worafi
Hany Aly
Safwat Aly
Mohammad S. Alyahya
Karem H. Alzoubi
Walid Al-Zyoud
Reza Amani
Prince M. Amegbor
Tewodros Getnet Amera
Tarek Tawfik Amin
Alireza Amindarolzarbi
Sohrab Amiri
Hubert Amu
Dickson A Amugsi
Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa
Robert Ancuceanu
Deanna Anderlini
Dhanalakshmi Angappan
Abhishek Anil
Mohammed Tahir Tahir Ansari
Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam
Rockson Ansong
Saeid Anvari
Saleha Anwar
Sumadi Lukman Anwar
Ekenedilichukwu Emmanuel Anyabolo
Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor
Geminn Louis Carace Apostol
Francis Appiah
Muhammad Aqeel
Jalal Arabloo
Razman Arabzadeh Bahri
Mosab Arafat
Aleksandr Y. Aravkin
Ali M. Ardekani
Demelash Areda
Brhane Berhe Aregawi
Getnet Mesfin Aregu
Olatunde Aremu
Hidayat Arifin
Johan Ärnlöv
Anton A Artamonov
Judie Arulappan
Umesh Raj Aryal
Zahra Aryan
Akram M. Asbeutah
Mulusew Andualem Asemahagn
Mulu Tiruneh Asemu
Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi
Mubarek Yesse Ashemo
Tahira Ashraf
Armin Aslani
Haftu Asmerom
Thomas Astell‐Burt
Seyyed Shamsadin Athari
Prince Atorkey
Maha Atout
Alok Atreya
Avinash Aujayeb
Marcel Ausloos
Abolfazl Avan
Hamzeh Awad
Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe
Lemessa Assefa A Ayana
Setognal Birara Aychiluhm
Amdehiwot Aynalem
Zewdu Bishaw Aynalem
Sina Azadnajafabad
Hiva Azami
Shahkaar Aziz
Ahmed Y. Azzam
Abraham Samuel Babu
Giridhara R. Babu
Muhammad Badar
Ashish Badiye
Pegah Bahrami Taqanaki
Saeed Bahramian
Ruhai Bai
Atif Amin Baig
Shankar M Bakkannavar
Abdulaziz Bako
Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu
Kiran Bam
Maciej Banach
Morteza Banakar
Soham Bandyopadhyay
Palash Chandra Banik
Kannu Bansal
Yanping Bao
Miguel A. Barboza
Mainak Bardhan
Noël C. Barengo
Suzanne Barker‐Collo
Till Bärnighausen
Hiba Jawdat Barqawi
Amadou Barrow
Lingkan Barua
Azadeh Bashiri
Hameed Akande Bashiru
Afisu Basiru
Mohammad‐Mahdi Bastan
Sanjay Basu
Saurav Basu
Kavita Batra
Ahmet Begde
Babak Behnam
Amir Hossein Behnoush
Melesse Belayneh
Michael Belingheri
Umar Muhammad Bello
Derrick Bennett
Isabela M. Benseñor
Fentaw Tadese Berhe
Amiel Nazer C Bermudez
Habtamu B. Beyene
Kebede Beyene
Devidas S. Bhagat
Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula
Neeraj Bhala
Ashish Bhalla
Nikha Bhardwaj
Pankaj Bhardwaj
Sonu Bhaskar
Ajay Nagesh Bhat
Vivek Bhat
Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
Mohiuddin Ahmed Bhuiyan
Subarna Bhusal
Boris Bikbov
Cem Bilgin
Antonio Biondi
Keralem Anteneh Bishaw
Atanu Biswas
Bijit Biswas
Trupti Bodhare
Eyob Ketema Bogale
Archith Boloor
Milad Bonakdar Hashemi
Aimé Bonny
Berrak Bora Başara
Hamed Borhany
Samuel Adolf Bosoka
Souad Bouaoud
Abdelhakim Bouyahya
Edward J. Boyko
Marija Božić
Dejana Braithwaite
Susanne Breitner
Hermann Brenner
Gabrielle B. Britton
André R. Brunoni
Dana Bryazka
Raffaele Bugiardini
Lemma N Bulto
Katrin Burkart
Yasser Bustanji
Zahid A Butt
Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos
Luis Alberto Cámera
Luciana Aparecida Campos
Ismael Campos‐Nonato
Fan Cao
Angelo Capodici
Rosario Cárdenas
Sinclair Carr
Giulia Carreras
André F. Carvalho
Félix Carvalho
João Maurício Castaldelli-Maia
Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela
Giulio Castelpietra
Alberico L. Catapano
Maria Sofia Cattaruzza
Luca Cegolon
Francieli Cembranel
Edina Cenko
Ester Cerin
Joshua Chadwick
Chiranjib Chakraborty
Sandip Chakraborty
Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan
Rama Mohan Chandika
Eeshwar K Chandrasekar
Gashaw Sisay Chanie
Vijay Kumar Chattu
Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
Akhilanand Chaurasia
Haowei Chen
Mingling Chen
Simiao Chen
Gerald Chi
Fatemeh Chichagi
Ritesh Chimoriya
Patrick R Ching
Abdulaal Chitheer
Mi Hyeon Cho
Dong‐Woo Choi
Bryan Chong
Chean Lin Chong
Hitesh Chopra
Sonali G Choudhari
Rahul Choudhary
Dinh‐Toi Chu
Isaac Sunday Chukwu
Sheng‐Chia Chung
Zinhle Cindi
Iolanda Cioffi
Rebecca M Cogen
Alyssa Columbus
Simona Costanzo
Rosa A S Couto
Michael H Criqui
Natália Martins
Silvia Magali Cuadra-Hernández
Alanna Gomes da Silva
Sriharsha Dadana
Omid Dadras
Xiaochen Dai
Koustuv Dalal
Lachlan L. Dalli
Giovanni Damiani
Emanuele D’Amico
Lalit Dandona
Rakhi Dandona
Amira Hamed Darwish
Saswati Das
Mohsen Dashti
Mohadese Dashtkoohi
Mohammad Dashtkoohi
Maedeh Dastmardi
Kairat Davletov
Vanessa De la Cruz‐Góngora
Sean DeAngelo
Aklilu Tamire Debele
Shayom Debopadhaya
Iván Delgado‐Enciso
Berecha Hundessa Demessa
Andreas K. Demetriades
Edgar Denova‐Gutiérrez
Emina Dervišević
Hardik Dineshbhai Desai
Aragaw Tesfaw Desale
Fikreab Desta
Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu
Devananda Devegowda
Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan
Amol S. Dhane
Meghnath Dhimal
Vishal Dhulipala
Michael J. Diaz
Mengistie Diress
Milad Dodangeh
Phidelia Theresa Doegah
Sushil Dohare
Mohamed Fahmy Doheim
Клара Докова
Deepa Dongarwar
Mario D’Oria
Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi
Rajkumar Doshi
Abdel Douiri
Robert Kokou Dowou
Ashel Chelsea Dsouza
Haneil Larson Dsouza
Viola Savy Dsouza
Bruce Bartholow Duncan
André Rodrigues Durães
Arkadiusz Dziedzic
Michael Ekholuenetale
Ibrahim Farahat El Bayoumy
Maysaa El Sayed Zaki
Iffat Elbarazi
Faris El‐Dahiyat
Islam Y. Elgendy
Muhammed Elhadi
Waseem El‐Huneidi
Mohamed A. Elmonem
Adel B. Elmoselhi
Chadi Eltaha
Theophilus I. Emeto
Christopher Imokhuede Esezobor
Negin Esfandiari
Zahra Esmaeili
Francesco Esposito
Mohammad Etoom
Natalia Fabin
Ibtihal Fadhil
Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe
Omotayo Francis Fagbule
Shahriar Faghani
Ayesha Fahim
Ildar Fakhradiyev
Luca Falzone
Mohammad Fareed
Jawad Fares
Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha
MoezAlIslam E. Faris
Pawan Faris
Mohsen Farjoud Kouhanjani
André Faro
Hossein Farrokhpour
Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi
Nelsensius Klau Fauk
Patrick Fazeli
Timur Fazylov
Alireza Feizkhah
Ginenus Fekadu
Xiaoqi Feng
Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
Pietro Ferrara
Nuno Ferreira
Getahun Fetensa
Bikila Regassa Feyisa
Florian Fischer
Luísa Sório Flor
Kristen Foley
Ana Catarina Fonseca
Roham Foroumadi
Behzad Foroutan
Daniela Fortuna
Matteo Foschi
Richard C. Franklin
Ni Kadek Yuni Fridayani
G Sridevi
Péter Gaál
Abhay Gaidhane
Abduzhappar Gaipov
Yaseen Galali
Silvano Gallus
Aravind P. Gandhi
Balasankar Ganesan
Danijela Gašević
Prem Gautam
Rupesh K. Gautam
Miglas Welay Gebregergis
Mesfin Gebrehiwot
Kebre Gebrekirstos Gebrekidan
Lemma Getacher
Genanew Kassie Getahun
Molla Getie
Delaram J. Ghadimi
Fataneh Ghadirian
Amir Ghaffari Jolfayi
Mansour Ghafourifard
Mohammad‐Reza Ghasemi
Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh
Ramy Mohamed Ghazy
Ehsan Gholami
Zainab Gholami
Sherief Ghozy
Stefano Giannoni Luza
Jaleed Ahmed Gilani
Tiffany K. Gill
Richard F Gillum
Ebisa Zerihun Gindaba
E. V. Gnedovskaya
Amit Goel
Mohamad Goldust
Mahaveer Golechha
Pouya Goleij
Davide Golinelli
Philimon Gona
Giuseppe Gorini
Alessandra C. Goulart
Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart
Mahdi Gouravani
Michal Grivna
Giuseppe Grosso
Ashna Grover
Shi‐Yang Guan
Giovanni Guarducci
Avirup Guha
Stefano Guicciardi
Snigdha Gulati
Damitha Asanga Gunawardane
Cui Guo
Zhifeng Guo
Anish Kumar Gupta
Bhawna Gupta
Mohak Gupta
Rahul Gupta
Rajat Das Gupta
Rajeev Gupta
Sapna Gupta
Farrokh Habibzadeh
Najah R Hadi
Mohammad Haghani Dogahe
Hamed Haghi‐Aminjan
Dariush Haghmorad
Arvin Haj-Mirzaian
Aram Halimi
Nadia Μ. Hamdy
Samer Hamidi
Erin B Hamilton
Asif Hanif
Nasrin Hanifi
Graeme J. Hankey
Md. Abdul Hannan
Zaim Haq
Arief Hargono
Netanja I. Harlianto
Josep Maria Haro
Eka Mishbahatul Marah Has
Ahmed I Hasaballah
Ikramul Hasan
Md Saquib Hasnain
Ikrama Hassan
Mahgol Sadat Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei
Johannes Haubold
Rasmus Havmoeller
Simon I Hay
Youssef Hbid
Jeffrey J. Hébert
Omar E Hegazi
Mohammad Heidari
Mehdi Hemmati
Demisu Zenbaba Heyi
Kamal Hezam
Yuta Hiraike
Nguyen Quoc Hoan
Ramesh Holla
Nobuyuki Horita
Md Mahbub Hossain
Hassan Hosseinzadeh
Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
Ahmad Hosseinzadeh Adli
Mihaela Hostiuc
Sorin Hostiuc
Ben Hu
Chengxi Hu
Junjie Huang
Ayesha Humayun
Salman Hussain
Lê Đức Huy
Hong-Han Huynh
Bing‐Fang Hwang
Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye
Nayu Ikeda
Adalia Ikiroma
Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi
Irena Ilić
Milena Ilić
Mohammad Tarique Imam
Mustapha Immurana
Leeberk Raja Inbaraj
Muhammad Iqhrammullah
Arnaud Iradukunda
Lalu Muhammad Irham
Md. Rabiul Islam
Faisal Ismail
Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail
Hiroyasu Iso
Gaetano Isola
Ramaiah Itumalla
Masao Iwagami
Chidozie Declan Iwu
J Vinothini
Jalil Jaafari
Louis Jacob
Abdollah Jafarzadeh
Haitham Jahrami
Akhil Jain
Nityanand Jain
Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun
Abhishek Jaiswal
Mihajlo Jakovljević
Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh
Balamurugan Janakiraman
Abubakar Ibrahim Jatau
Sathish Kumar Jayapal
Shubha Jayaram
Sun Ha Jee
Jayakumar Jeganathan
Mihretu Jegnie
Alelign Tasew Jema
Bijay Mukesh Jeswani
Angeline Jeyakumar
Anil Kumar Jha
Ravi Prakash Jha
Zixiang Ji
Heng Bo Jiang
Shuai Jin
Yingzhao Jin
Mohammad Jokar
Jost B. Jonas
Tamás Joó
Jobinse Jose
Nitin Joseph
Charity Ehimwenma Joshua
Farahnaz Joukar
Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak
Mikk Jürisson
Ali Kabir
Md Awal Kabir
Zubair Kabir
Vidya Kadashetti
Rizwan Kalani
Sanjay Kalra
Vineet Kumar Kamal
Arun Kamireddy
Haidong Kan
Mona Kanaan
Himal Kandel
Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi
Rami S. Kantar
Neeti Kapoor
Paschalis Karakasis
Ibraheem M. Karaye
André Karch
Hanie Karimi
Salah Eddin Karimi
Yeganeh Karimi
Arman Karimi Behnagh
Prabin Karki
Hengameh Kasraei
Joonas H. Kauppila
Harkiran Kaur
Neda Kaydi
Gbenga A Kayode
Foad Kazemi
Sina Kazemian
Emmanuelle Kesse‐Guyot
Yousef Khader
Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie
Inn Kynn Khaing
Himanshu Khajuria
Amirmohammad Khalaji
Nauman Khalid
Anees Ahmed Khalil
Asaduzzaman Khan
Fayaz Ahmad Khan
Md Nuruzzaman Khan
Maseer Khan
Mohammad Jobair Khan
Moien AB Khan
Yusra Habib Khan
Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi
Khaled Khatab
Haitham Khatatbeh
Moawiah Khatatbeh
Sorour Khateri
Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib
Maryam Khayamzadeh
Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani
Feriha Fatima Khidri
Manoj Khokhar
Atulya Aman Khosla
Majid Khosravi
Jagdish Khubchandani
Saeid Kian
Kwanghyun Kim
Min Seo Kim
Yun Jin Kim
Ruth W Kimokoti
Adnan Kısa
Sezer Kısa
Ali‐Asghar Kolahi
Kamrun Nahar Koly
Farzad Kompani
Shivakumar KM Marulasiddaiah Kondlahalli
Miikka Korja
Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov
Oleksii Korzh
Soewarta Kosen
Karel Kostev
Nikhil Kothari
Ashwin Kotnis
Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana
Kewal Krishan
Varun Krishna
Vijay Krishnamoorthy
Bindu Krishnan
Jera Kruja
Barthélémy Kuate Defo
Burcu Küçük Biçer
Md Abdul Kuddus
Mohammed Kuddus
Nuworza Kugbey
Mukhtar Kulimbet
Vishnutheertha Kulkarni
Akshay Kumar
Ashish Kumar
Dewesh Kumar
G Anil Kumar
Nithin Kumar
Rakesh Kumar
Senthil Kumaran D
Amartya Kundu
Satyajit Kundu
Setor K. Kunutsor
Om Kurmi
Dian Kusuma
L. V. Simhachalam Kutikuppala
Ambily Kuttikkattu
Ville Kytö
Carlo La Vecchia
Ben Lacey
Chandrakant Lahariya
Dharmesh Kumar Lal
Tea Lallukka
Judit Lám
Iván Landires
Anders Larsson
Savita Lasrado
Kaveh Latifinaibin
Paolo Lauriola
Pablo M Lavados
Basira Kankia Lawal
Long Khanh‐Dao Le
Nhi Huu Hanh Le
Thao T. Le
Trang Diep Thanh Le
Paul H. Lee
Seung Won Lee
Wei‐Chen Lee
Yo Han Lee
Ming‐Chieh Li
Wei Li
Xiaopan Li
Li Y
Lee‐Ling Lim
Stephen S Lim
John C. Lin
Daniel Lindholm
Shai Linn
Gang Liu
Run-Ben Liu
Shuke Liu
Xiaofeng Liu
Xuefeng Liu
Erand Llanaj
Chun‐Han Lo
Warren Lo
Valerie Lohner
José Francisco López‐Gil
László Lorenzovici
Stefan Lorkowski
Paulo A. Lotufo
Giancarlo Lucchetti
Lisha Luo
Jay B. Lusk
Zheng Feei
Monika Machoy
Farzan Madadizadeh
Ralph Maddison
Elham Mahmoudi
Golnaz Mahmoudvand
Omar Mohamed Makram
Elaheh Malakan Rad
Kashish Malhotra
Ahmad Azam Malik
Iram Malik
Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi
Déborah Carvalho Malta
Abdullah Al Mamun
Yosef Manla
Mohammad Hadi Mansouri
Pejman Mansouri
Vahid Mansouri
Mohammad Alì Mansournia
LG Mantovani
Emmanuel Kwaku Manu
Hamid Reza Marateb
Abdoljalal Marjani
Daniela Martini
Santi Martini
Miquel Martorell
Sharmeen Maryam
Roy Rillera Marzo
Awoke Masrie
Yasith Mathangasinghe
Pallab K Maulik
Mahsa Mayeli
Mohsen Mazidi
Martin McKee
Steven McPhail
Enkeleint A. Mechili
Asim Mehmood
Kamran Mehrabani-Zeinabad
Tesfahun Mekene Meto
Hadush Negash Meles
Walter Mendoza
Ritesh G. Menezes
George A. Mensah
Sultan Ayoub Meo
Atte Meretoja
Tuomo J Meretoja
Tomislav Meštrović
Chamila Dinushi Kukulege Mettananda
Tomasz Miazgowski
Irmina Maria Michałek
Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá
Giuseppe Minervini
Le Huu Nhat Minh
GK Mini
Mojgan Mirghafourvand
Andreea Mirică
Erkin М Мirrakhimov
Mohammad Mirza‐Aghazadeh‐Attari
Manish Mishra
Sanjeev Misra
Prasanna Mithra
Ahmed Ismail Mohamed
Jama Mohamed
Nouh Saad Mohamed
Ameen Mosa Mohammad
Esmaeil Mohammadi
Saeed Mohammadi
Soheil Mohammadi
Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani
Ibrahim Mohammadzadeh
Hussen Mohammed
Mustapha Mohammed
Salahuddin Mohammed
Shafiu Mohammed
Ali H. Mokdad
Hossein Molavi Vardanjani
Mariam Molokhia
Shaher Momani
Lorenzo Monasta
Mohammad Ali Moni
Fateme Montazeri
AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf
Mahmood Moosazadeh
Maryam Moradi
Yousef Moradi
Paula Moraga
Lídia Morawska
Rafael Silveira Moreira
Shane D. Morrison
Reza Mosaddeghi-Heris
Elías Mossialos
Parsa Mousavi
Ahmed Msherghi
Sumaira Mubarik
Lorenzo Muccioli
Admir Mulita
Malaisamy Muniyandi
Kavita Munjal
Efrén Murillo‐Zamora
Sathish Muthu
Woojae Myung
Amin Nabavi
Ashraf Nabhan
Ayoub Nafei
Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan
Pirouz Naghavi
Ganesh R. Naik
Gurudatta Naik
Mukhammad David Naimzada
Sanjeev Nair
Tapas Sadasivan Nair
Soroush Najdaghi
Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen
Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari
Vinay Nangia
Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy
Shumaila Nargus
Delaram Narimani Davani
Bruno Ramos Nascimento
Gustavo G. Nascimento
Ali Nasrollahizadeh
Amir Nasrollahizadeh
Zuhair S. Natto
Javaid Nauman
Samidi Nirasha Kumari Navaratna
Biswa Prakash Nayak
Vinod C Nayak
Athare Nazri-Panjaki
Rawlance Ndejjo
Ionuţ Negoi
Ruxandra Irina Negoi
Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
Chakib Nejjari
Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi
Samata Nepal
Charles R. Newton
Dang Nguyen
Duc Hoang Nguyen
Hau Thi Hien Nguyen
Hien Quang Nguyen
Nhien Ngoc Y Nguyen
Phat Tuan Nguyen
Van Thanh Nguyen
Robina Khan Niazi
Yeshambel T. Nigatu
Nasrin Nikravangolsefid
Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum
Chukwudi A Nnaji
Lawrence Achilles Nnyanzi
Shuhei Nomura
Syed Toukir Ahmed Noor
Bo Norrving
Nawsherwan Nawsherwan
Jean Jacques Noubiap
Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi
George Ntaios
Mpiko Ntsekhe
Fred Nugen
Mario Cesare Nurchis
Dieta Nurrika
Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam
Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam
Bogdan Oancea
Kehinde Obamiro
Ismail Ayoade Odetokun
Martin O’Donnell
James Odhiambo Oguta
In‐Hwan Oh
Tolulope R Ojo-Akosile
Hassan Okati‐Aliabad
Sylvester Reuben Okeke
Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle
Lawrence Okidi
Osaretin Christabel Okonji
Morteza Oladnabi
Andrew T Olagunju
Muideen T. Olaiya
Oladotun Olalusi
Tosin A. Olasehinde
Omotola O Olasupo
Matthew Idowu Olatubi
Arão Belitardo Oliveira
Gláucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira
Abdulhakeem Abayomi Olorukooba
Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa
Yinka Doris Oluwafemi
Gideon Olamilekan Oluwatunase
Hany A. Omar
Ahmed Omar Bali
Adrienne O’Neil
Sok King Ong
Obinna Onwujekwe
Abdulahi Opejin Opejin
Michał Ordak
Raffaele Ornello
Doris V Ortega-Altamirano
Alberto Ortíz
Esteban Ortiz‐Prado
Wael M S Osman
Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu
Stanislav S Otstavnov
Mayowa Owolabi
Ifeoluwa T. Oyeyemi
Ahmad Ozair
Mahesh Padukudru P A
Kevin Pacheco‐Barrios
Alicia Padrón‐Monedero
Jagadish Rao Padubidri
Tamás Palicz
Raúl Felipe Palma-Álvarez
Feng Pan
Songhomitra Panda‐Jonas
Deepshikha Pande Katare
Anamika Pandey
Ashok Pandey
Seithikurippu R. Pandi‐Perumal
Leonidas D Panos
Ioannis Pantazopoulos
Paraskevi Papadopoulou
Shahina Pardhan
Pragyan Paramita Parija
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Nicholas Parsons
Roberto Passera
Dimitrios Patoulias
Uttam Paudel
Shrikant Pawar
Amy E. Peden
Paolo Pedersini
Prince Peprah
Maria Odete Pereira
Mário Fernando Prieto Peres
Arokiasamy Perianayagam
Norberto Perico
Simone Perna
Richard G. Pestell
Ionela-Roxana Petcu
Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha
Hoang Nhat Pham
Hoang Tran Pham
Michael Phillips
Thomas Pilgrim
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Saeed Pirouzpanah
Evgenii Plotnikov
Dimitri Poddighe
Ramesh Poluru
Djordje S. Popovic
Maarten J. Postma
Akram Pourshams
Naeimeh Pourtaheri
Jalandhar Pradhan
Pranil Man Singh Pradhan
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Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi
Jagadeesh Puvvula
Ibrahim Qattea
Gangzhen Qian
Yanan Qiao
Alberto Raggi
Pankaja Raghav Raghav
Pracheth Raghuveer
Fakher Rahim
Md Jillur Rahim
Mahban Rahimifard
Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar
Md. Mosfequr Rahman
Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman
Mosiur Rahman
Muhammad Aziz Rahman
Amir Masoud Rahmani
Mohammad Rahmanian
Nazanin Rahmanian
Vahid Rahmanian
Rahem Rahmati
Setyaningrum Rahmawaty
Gerard Marshall Raj
Sathish Rajaa
Vinoth Rajendran
Pushp Lata Rajpoot
Prashant Rajput
Pradhum Ram
Mahmoud M. Ramadan
Majed Ramadan
Venkitachalam Ramanarayanan
Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy
Sheena Ramazanu
Juwel Rana
Kritika Rana
Rishabh Kumar Rana
Chhabi Lal Ranabhat
Nemanja Rančić
Amey Rane
Annemarei Ranta
Mithun Rao
Sowmya J Rao
Sina Rashedi
Mohammad‐Mahdi Rashidi
Ashkan Rasouli‐Saravani
Devarajan Rathish
Santosh Kumar Rauniyar
Salman Rawaf
Christian Razo
Murali Mohan Rama Krishna Reddy
Elrashdy M. Redwan
Inayat Ur Rehman
Giuseppe Remuzzi
Nazila Rezaei
Mohsen Rezaeian
Hossein Rezazadeh
Taeho Greg Rhee
Mavra A Riaz
Antônio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro
Mónica Rodrigues
Thales Philipe R Rodrigues da Silva
Jefferson Antonio Buendía
Leonardo Roever
Debby Syahru Romadlon
Allen G. Ross
Himanshu Sekhar Rout
Bedanta Roy
Priyanka Roy
Simanta Roy
Guilherme de Andrade Ruela
Michele Russo
Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera
S N Chandan
Aly M A Saad
Korosh Saber
Maha Saber-Ayad
Cameron Sabet
Siamak Sabour
Simona Sacco
Basema Ahmad Saddik
Erfan Sadeghi
Mohammad Reza Saeb
Umar Saeed
Sher Zaman Safi
Rajesh Sagar
Alireza Saghafi
Dominic Sagoe
Fatemeh Saheb Sharif‐Askari
Amirhossein Sahebkar
Pragyan Monalisa Sahoo
Soumya Swaroop Sahoo
Mirza Rizwan Sajid
Afeez Abolarinwa Salami
Luciane Bresciani Salaroli
Mohamed A. Saleh
Mohammed Z Y Salem
Giovanni Abrahão Salum
Sara Samadzadeh
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Yoseph Leonardo Samodra
Vijaya Paul Samuel
Abdallah M Samy
Juan Sanabria
Itamar S Santos
Milena M Santric-Milicevic
Made Ary Sarasmita
Aswini Saravanan
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Gargi S. Sarode
Sachin C. Sarode
Maheswar Satpathy
Zafer Sattouf
Ganesh Kumar Saya
Md. Abu Sayeed
Mehdi Sayyah
Nikolaos Scarmeas
Benedikt M. Schaarschmidt
Markus P. Schlaich
María Inês Schmidt
Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider
Art Schuermans
Austin E Schumacher
Aletta E. Schutte
David C. Schwebel
Siddharthan Selvaraj
Parijat Sen
Sabyasachi Senapati
Subramanian Senthilkumaran
Mihretu Tagesse Sergindo
Yashendra Sethi
Allen Seylani
Mahan Shafie
Pritik A Shah
Saeed Shahabi
Ataollah Shahbandi
Samiah Shahid
Hamid R. Shahsavari
Moyad Shahwan
Masood Ali Shaikh
Ali Shalash
Muhammad Aaqib Shamim
Mehran Shams-Beyranvand
Anas Shamsi
Alfiya Shamsutdinova
Mohd Shanawaz
Mohammed Shannawaz
Medha Sharath
Amin Sharifan
Azam Sharifi
Javad Sharifi‐Rad
Anupam Kumar Sharma
Manoj Sharma
Sourabh Sharma
Ujjawal Sharma
Vishal Sharma
Rahim Ali Sheikhi
Adithi Shetty
Mahabalesh Shetty
Premalatha K Shetty
Desalegn Shiferaw
Mika Shigematsu
Tariku Shimels
Min‐Jeong Shin
Rahman Shiri
Aminu Shittu
Abdul-karim Olayinka Shitu
Ivy Shiue
Seyed Afshin Shorofi
Sunil Shrestha
Kerem Shuval
Yafei Si
Emmanuel Edwar Siddig
Mithun Sikdar
João Pedro Silva
Luís R. Silva
Abhinav Singh
Baljinder Singh
Garima Singh
Harmanjit Singh
Jasvinder A. Singh
Kuldeep Singh
Narinder Pal Singh
Paramdeep Singh
Puneetpal Singh
Jussi Sipilä
Shravan Sivakumar
Valentin Yurievich Skryabin
Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina
David A. Sleet
Farrukh Sobia
Bogdan Socea
Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag
Ranjan Solanki
Shipra Solanki
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Yi Song
Soroush Soraneh
Reed J D Sorensen
Houman Sotoudeh
Ireneous N Soyiri
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Suresh Kumar Srinivasamurthy
Panagiotis Stachteas
Lauryn K Stafford
Benjamin Stark
А. В. Стародубова
Narayan Subedi
Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
Muhammad Suleman
Abida Sultana
Zhong Sun
Johan Sundström
Vinay Suresh
Sri Susanty
Chandan Kumar Swain
Łukasz Szarpak
Sree Sudha T Y
Payam Tabaee Damavandi
Rafael Tabarés‐Seisdedos
Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei
Shima Tabatabai
Celine Tabche
Mohammad Tabish
Jyothi Tadakamadla
Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla
Amirmasoud Taheri
Jabeen Taiba
Iman M. Talaat
Ashis Talukder
Mircea Tampa
Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi
Ker‐Kan Tan
Haosu Tang
Manoj Tanwar
Ingan Ukur Tarigan
Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang
Nathan Y Tat
Seyed Mohammad Tavangar
Arash Tehrani‐Banihashemi
Mojtaba Teimoori
Mohamad‐Hani Temsah
Reem Temsah
Masayuki Teramoto
Wegen Beyene Tesfamariam
Edosa Geta Tesfaye Gta
Ramna Thakur
Pugazhenthan Thangaraju
Rajshree Thapa
Rekha Thapar
Rasiah Thayakaran
Thirunavukkarasu Sathish
Joe Thomas
Nikhil Kenny Thomas
Amanda G. Thrift
Jing Tian
Aleš Tichopád
Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu
Chalachew Tiruneh
Krishna Kant Tiwari
Amir Tiyuri
Marcello Tonelli
Roman Topór-Mądry
Marcos Roberto Tovani‐Palone
Khaled Trabelsi
Ngoc Ha Tran
Thang Huu Tran
Nguyen Tran Minh Duc
Domenico Tricò
Samuel Tromans
Thien Tan Tri Tai Truyen
Daniel Hsiang‐Te Tsai
Aristidis Tsatsakis
Evangelia Eirini Tsermpini
Ermias Abera Turuse
Stefanos Tyrovolas
Aniefiok John Udoakang
Arit Udoh
Atta Ullah
Sana Ullah
Muhammad Umair
Muhammad Umar
Brigid Unim
Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan
Daniele Urso
Jibrin Sammani Usman
Marco Vacante
Seyed Mohammad Vahabi
Sanaz Vahdati
Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan
Omid Vakili
Rohollah Valizadeh
Jef Van den Eynde
Orsolya Varga
Shoban Babu Varthya
Tommi Vasankari
Balachandar Vellingiri
Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
Madhur Verma
Massimiliano Veroux
Georgios‐Ioannis Verras
Dominique Vervoort
Jorge Hugo Villafañe
Simona Villani
Manish Vinayak
Maria Viskadourou
Simona Ruxandra Volovăț
Victor Volovici
Hatem A Wafa
Yasir Waheed
Waseem Wahood
Cong Wang
Fang Wang
Shu Wang
Song Wang
Yanzhong Wang
Yuan‐Pang Wang
Mary Njeri Wanjau
Muhammad Waqas
Emebet Gashaw Wassie
Gizachew Tadesse Wassie
Zihan Wei
Robert G Weintraub
Haftom Legese Weldetinsaa
Dakshitha Praneeth Wickramasinghe
Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe
Tissa Wijeratne
Peter Willeit
Charles Wolfe
Yen Jun Wong
Utoomporn Wongsin
Chenkai Wu
Felicia Wu
WU Ya-juan
Zenghong Wu
Hong Xiao
Suowen Xu
Xiaoyue Xu
Kazumasa Yamagishi
Danting Yang
Yuichiro Yano
Amir Yarahmadi
Habib Yaribeygi
Yuichi Yasufuku
Hiroshi Yatsuya
Fereshteh Yazdanpanah
Mohammad Hosein Yazdanpanah
Pengpeng Ye
Renjulal Yesodharan
Saber Yezli
Siyan Yi
Xinglin Yi
Dehui Yin
Dong Keon Yon
Naohiro Yonemoto
Chuanhua Yu
Elaine A. Yu
Ke Yun
Hadiza Yusuf
Siddhesh Zadey
Nima Zafari
Burhan Abdullah Zaman
Sojib Bin Zaman
Aurora Zanghì
Iman Zare
Fatemeh Zarimeidani
Armin Zarrintan
Michael Zastrozhin
Dawit Zemedikun
Youjie Zeng
Beijian Zhang
Haijun Zhang
Liqun Zhang
Yunquan Zhang
Zhiqiang Zhang
Hanqing Zhao
Claire Chenwen Zhong
Shang Cheng Zhou
Bin Zhu
Lei Zhu
Abzal Zhumagaliuly
Makan Ziafati
Magdalena Zielińska
Yossef Teshome Zikarg
Ghazal Zoghi
Sa’ed H. Zyoud
Samer H. Zyoud
Catherine O. Johnson
Gregory A. Roth
Balakrishnan Nair
Ilari Rautalin
Anjali Bhati -
Catherine Bisignano
Theo Vos
Christopher J L Murray
Date Issued
19 de septiembre de 2024
Type
Article
Volume
23
Issue
10
Start Page
973
End Page
1003
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Up-to-date estimates of stroke burden and attributable risks and their trends at global, regional, and national levels are essential for evidence-based health care, prevention, and resource allocation planning. We aimed to provide such estimates for the period 1990-2021. METHODS: We estimated incidence, prevalence, death, and disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) counts and age-standardised rates per 100 000 people per year for overall stroke, ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, and subarachnoid haemorrhage, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. We also calculated burden of stroke attributable to 23 risk factors and six risk clusters (air pollution, tobacco smoking, behavioural, dietary, environmental, and metabolic risks) at the global and regional levels (21 GBD regions and Socio-demographic Index [SDI] quintiles), using the standard GBD methodology. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline. FINDINGS: In 2021, stroke was the third most common GBD level 3 cause of death (7·3 million [95% UI 6·6-7·8] deaths; 10·7% [9·8-11·3] of all deaths) after ischaemic heart disease and COVID-19, and the fourth most common cause of DALYs (160·5 million [147·8-171·6] DALYs; 5·6% [5·0-6·1] of all DALYs). In 2021, there were 93·8 million (89·0-99·3) prevalent and 11·9 million (10·7-13·2) incident strokes. We found disparities in stroke burden and risk factors by GBD region, country or territory, and SDI, as well as a stagnation in the reduction of incidence from 2015 onwards, and even some increases in the stroke incidence, death, prevalence, and DALY rates in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania, countries with lower SDI, and people younger than 70 years. Globally, ischaemic stroke constituted 65·3% (62·4-67·7), intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 28·8% (28·3-28·8), and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 5·8% (5·7-6·0) of incident strokes. There were substantial increases in DALYs attributable to high BMI (88·2% [53·4-117·7]), high ambient temperature (72·4% [51·1 to 179·5]), high fasting plasma glucose (32·1% [26·7-38·1]), diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages (23·4% [12·7-35·7]), low physical activity (11·3% [1·8-34·9]), high systolic blood pressure (6·7% [2·5-11·6]), lead exposure (6·5% [4·5-11·2]), and diet low in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (5·3% [0·5-10·5]). INTERPRETATION: Stroke burden has increased from 1990 to 2021, and the contribution of several risk factors has also increased. Effective, accessible, and affordable measures to improve stroke surveillance, prevention (with the emphasis on blood pressure, lifestyle, and environmental factors), acute care, and rehabilitation need to be urgently implemented across all countries to reduce stroke burden. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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