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Psychometric Validation of the Spanish SET-M Using Bootstrap Exploratory Graph Analysis in Nursing Students From Argentina and Spain
Author(s)
Astoul Bonorino, Carolina
Latugaye, Dolores
La Rosa-Salas, Virginia
Lizarbe Chocarro, Marta
Escudero Zuñiga, Eliana
Date Issued
27 de noviembre de 2025
Type
Article
Volume
21
Issue
1
Series/Report No.
Simulation in Healthcare The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare
Start Page
24
End Page
31
ISSN
1559-2332
1559-713X
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The Evaluation of Learning and Performance standard of the International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning proposes evaluating all simulation-based experiences. Over the years, multiple instruments have been designed to evaluate simulation. The Simulation Effectiveness Tool-Modified (SET-M) was developed by Leighton and colleagues in English in 2015. This tool has been translated and validated in different languages and cultures, presenting stable psychometric properties. Although a Spanish validation of the instrument has been found, it was conducted with medical students after participating in telesimulation. To date, no validation has been found for its use after face-to-face simulation with Spanish-speaking nursing students. This study aims to validate the psychometric properties of the SET-M in advanced nursing bachelor's students engaged in face-to-face simulation from 2 Spanish-speaking countries. METHODS: A multicenter, cross-sectional, analytical, and psychometric validation study was conducted. The sample consisted of 232 students from the final 2 years of their Bachelor's Degree in Nursing at 2 privately managed universities, 1 in Argentina and the other 1 in Spain. The bootstrap Exploratory Graphical Analysis (EGA) approach was used to determine the structural consistency and stability of the items. RESULTS: An EGA identified 4 communities with adequate stability and structural consistency values. Furthermore, the SET-M was found to be invariant among nursing students in Argentina and Spain. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the SET-M demonstrated adequate psychometric properties, confirming its validity and reliability for assessing simulation-based education effectiveness in undergraduate nursing students in Argentina and Spain. This study provides a valuable tool for self-assessment in simulation education within Spanish-speaking contexts.