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Concern about the possibility of becoming a victim of extortion: validation of a brief scale for Peruvian citizens
Author(s)
Mamani-Benito, Oscar Javier
Universidad Señor de Sipán
Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola
Cruz-Ordinola, María Celinda
Universidad Señor de Sipán
Pacheco-Vizcarra, Milagros Yesenia
Universidad Nacional del Altiplano
Date Issued
17 de octubre de 2025
Type
Article
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Volume
16
Series/Report No.
Frontiers in Psychiatry
Contained in
Frontiers in Psychiatry
ISSN
1664-0640
Abstract
Introduction The phenomenon of extortion is generating serious repercussions on the mental health of the economically active population. In the absence of measurement instruments to quantify the magnitude of this problem, it becomes urgent to design a documentary measurement tool. Objective To design and validate a scale measuring concern about the possibility of becoming a victim of extortion. Method The study is classified as instrumental. Using purposive non-probability sampling, participation was obtained from 2.049 citizens of both sexes across the three regions of Peru. The instrument was designed in 10 stages, following expert recommendations on the subject. The first version consisted of 11 items with five-point Likert-type response options. Analyses were conducted to demonstrate content validity, construct validity, convergent validity, measurement invariance, and reliability. Results All items proved to be clear, relevant, and representative (V > 0.70). Exploratory factor analysis suggested an underlying structure composed of eight items (KMO = 0.91, Bartlett’s test = p ≤ 0.001), with factor loadings above the 0.40 cutoff (0.75 to 0.83). Subsequently, confirmatory factor analysis corroborated this unidimensional structure (SRMR = 0.037, RMSEA = 0.074, CFI = 0.996, TLI = 0.994). In addition, the BECS was shown to be invariant across sex and exhibited significant correlations with other comparable scales, thus providing evidence of convergent validity. Finally, the instrument demonstrated excellent reliability (>0.90). Conclusion The BECS shows psychometric evidence supporting its validity and reliability. Therefore, it becomes the first measure available to assess concern about the possibility of becoming a victim of extortion.