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    Antifungal effect from Zingiber officinale, Aloe vera and Trichoderma sp. for control of Moniliophthora roreri in Theobroma cacao in Huánuco, Peru
    (2022-01-01)
    Rocio Reyna Soto Chochocca
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    Elena Gonzales Avila
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    Alex Rubén Huamán De La Cruz
    Theobroma cacao is the main raw material to produce chocolate, as well as for use in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. However, Moniliophthora roreri is one of the most destructive fungal diseases and the main limiting of cacao production worldwide. Thus, this work aimed to assess the inhibitory effect of extracts of Zingiber officinale (T1) and Aloe vera (T2), and Trichoderma harzianum + Bacillus subtillis. (T3) on Moniliophthora roreri infection in Theobroma cacao; in addition, a control (T4) was also evaluated. Each treatment was applied to six plants of cacao. Incidence of monilia infection and fruit weight were monitored every 15 days (in total four periods) after the application of the treatment by spray. Significant differences (P<0.05) were found among treatments for incidence. It was observed that spraying entire cacao trees after two times (approximately 30 days) showed a reduction of monilia infection. After all periods, T1, T2, and T3 showed an incidence of monilia infection by 20.5, 17.7, and 14.9% respectively, compared to cultural control of 41.1%. This reduction of moniliasis infection translates into an increase in fruit weight average for T3 (8.4 kg), T2 (7.3 kg), and T1 (6.9 kg). In contrast, in the control (T3), the fruit weight average decreased by 5.3 kg. Biological control showed efficient management of pathogens as M. roreri. It is recommended to use such antifungal (Aloe vera) spray over at least 120 days which would decrease infection incidence even more.
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    Biochemical differences based on sex and clusters of biomarkers in patients with COVID-19: analysis from the CARDIO COVID 19–20 registry
    (2025-03-05)
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    Juan Andrés Muñoz-Ordoñez
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    Manuela Escalante‐Forero
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    Yorlany Rodas
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    Andrea Alejandra Arteaga-Tobar
    BACKGROUND: The inflammatory response associated with COVID-19 varies with sex, potentially affecting disease outcomes. Males have a higher risk of complications compared to females, requiring an evaluation of differences in inflammatory response severity based on sex. OBJECTIVE: To compare clinical data, biochemical biomarkers, and outcomes among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Latin America and the Caribbean (LA&C) based on sex and to perform a cluster analysis of biomarker profiles for both sexes. METHODS: This prospective, multicenter observational registry made by the Inter-American Council of Heart Failure and Pulmonary Hypertension of the Inter-American Society of Cardiology included hospitalized COVID-19 patients from 44 hospitals in 14 countries in LA&C between May 1, 2020, and June 30, 2021. RESULTS: Of 3,260 patients (1,201 females and 2,059 males), males had higher C-reactive protein and ferritin levels, while females had higher natriuretic peptides and d-dimer levels. Males had more cardiovascular complications (acute coronary syndrome [3.3% vs. 2.2%], decompensated heart failure [8.9% vs. 7.8%], pulmonary embolism [4.4% vs. 2.9%]), intensive care unit (ICU) admissions (56.9% vs. 47.7%), and overall mortality (27.5% vs. 22.1%). Cluster analysis identified three groups: one with normal-range biomarkers but elevated ferritin, one with coagulation abnormalities, and one with an inflammatory profile linked to renal injury and increased non-cardiovascular mortality. CONCLUSIONS: In the LA&C population hospitalized with COVID-19, males had higher inflammatory biomarker levels, correlating with increased cardiovascular complications and mortality. The cluster with an inflammatory profile showed higher non-cardiovascular mortality, while clusters with elevated ferritin levels were associated with increased ICU admissions.
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    Predictive Model with Machine Learning for Environmental Variables and PM2.5 in Huachac, Junín, Perú
    (2025-03-12)
    Emery Olarte
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    José Antonio Gutiérrez
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    Gwayne Roque
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    PM2.5 pollution is increasing, causing health problems. The objective of this study was to model the behavior of PM2.5AQI (air quality index) using machine learning (ML) predictive models of linear regression, lasso, ridge, and elastic net. A total of 16,543 records from the Huachac, Junin area in Peru were used with regressors of humidity in % and temperature in °C. The focus of this study is PM2.5AQI and environmental variables. Methods: Exploratory data analysis (EDA) and machine learning predictive models were applied. Results: PM2.5AQI has high values in winter and spring, with averages of 52.6 and 36.9, respectively, and low values in summer, with a maximum value in September (spring) and a minimum in February (summer). The use of regression models produced precise metrics to choose the best model for the prediction of PM2.5AQI. Comparison with other research highlights the robustness of the chosen ML models, underlining the potential of ML in PM2.5AQI. Conclusions: The predictive model found was α = 0.1111111 and a Lambda value λ = 0.150025, represented by PM2.5AQI = 83.0846522 − 10.302222000 (Humidity) − 0.1268124 (Temperature). The model has an adjusted R2 of 0.1483206 and an RMSE of 25.36203, and it allows decision making in the care of the environment.
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    Multiple Linear Regression Model of Environmental Variables, Predictors of Global Solar Radiation in the Area of East Lima, Peru
    (2022-04-01)
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    David A. Sumire
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    Sulamita Marinela Ramos Chipa
    Abstract Multiple regression models are very relevant to predict values using predictor variables. The objective of this study was to predict the global solar radiation in the year 2019 in the area of East Lima, Peru. Three continuous quantitative predictor variables were analyzed: temperature, humidity, wind speed and the response variable was global solar radiation, resulting in a model with excellent significance p<0.001 that shows the prediction is effective. The multiple linear regression method was used, finding an average global radiation of 175 W/m2 and predictor variables with average temperature of 19.2 °C, humidity 23.9% and wind speed 1.77 m/s, with the highest temperature in summer recorded at 24.6°C, the highest humidity of 51.2% in autumn, the highest wind speed in summer at 2.63 m/s and the highest maximum global solar radiation in spring with 183 W/m 2 .
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    Observations of Electric Fields during two Partial Solar Eclipses at the Geomagnetic Equator
    (2025-07-08)
    Manuel Bravo
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    Adriana Godoy
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    Jackson E. Pérez
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    B. Urra
    Abstract. This study presents the first coordinated observations of atmospheric electric field (AEF) and ionospheric plasma drifts during the partial solar eclipses of 2 July 2019 and 14 October 2023, observed near the magnetic equator in Lima, Peru. AEF was measured using a field mill, while ionospheric drifts were obtained from radar observations at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory and local magnetometers. The two events displayed contrasting electrodynamic responses: in 2019, AEF variations were ambiguous due to meteorological fluctuations, while in 2023, clearer weather conditions revealed distinct decreases in both surface AEF and ionospheric vertical drift near maximum obscuration. These results demonstrate the variable nature of eclipse-time electrodynamics and emphasize the importance of multi-instrument approaches for understanding atmosphere-ionosphere coupling in low-latitude regions.
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    Biorremediación de suelos salinos con enmiendas orgánicas de estiércol de cuy y vacuno, Cusco-Perú
    (2023-01-20)
    Katheryne Micol Aimituma-Franco
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    Sheyla Estefanny Llanqui-Ticona
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    La salinidad en suelos afecta gravemente a la agricultura mundial por el afloramiento y la acumulación de sales. El suelo peruano tiene cerca de 300 mil hectáreas con esta problemática, una alternativa, es la biorrecuperación por ello, la investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar el efecto de la aplicación de enmiendas orgánicas (estiércol de cuy y vaca) para la biorrecuperación del suelo salino. La investigación consistió en las siguientes etapas: toma de muestras de suelo, construcción de la planta piloto, tratamiento de suelo salino, determinación de Porcentaje de Sodio Intercambiable (PSI) y Relación de Absorción de Sodio (RAS). El diseño de investigación fue el bloque completamente aleatorio con dos repeticiones a los 30, 60, 90 días. Los resultados mostraron que el pH tuvo una mínima disminución de 8,05 hasta 7,3 la CE (Conductividad Eléctrica) logró disminuir hasta un 1,2 mmhos/cm y el PSI tuvo un porcentaje de 7% y un incremento en sus macronutrientes. En tal sentido la aplicación de enmiendas orgánicas de cuy y de vaca demostraron efectos positivos sobre el suelo salino, mostrando un efecto de biorrecuperación y mejora del suelo, obteniendo resultados favorables en las propiedades químicas y físicas del suelo.
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    Biodegradation of Low-Density Polyethylene—LDPE by the Lepidopteran Galleria Mellonella Reusing Beekeeping Waste
    (2022-09-09)
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    Betty Ricce
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    Jeyson Beraún
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    Jackson Edgardo Pérez Carpio
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    Plastic pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems of this century because most plastics are single-use, and once their useful life is over, they become pollutants, since their decomposition takes approximately 100–400 years. The objective of this research is to evaluate the efficacy of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) biodegradation by G. mellonella in the district of Pangoa, Junín, Peru. For the development of the study, the G. mellonella was conditioned in three groups of beekeeping residues (beeswax, balanced diet, and wheat bran); after the conditioning stage, the biodegradation treatment was developed, which consisted of placing the G. mellonella in terrariums with the LDPE, the treatments were carried out at three different times (24, 36, and 48 h). To evaluate the efficacy of biodegradation, two analyses were taken into account: the Raman analysis of the low-density polyethylene samples and the weight reduction of the treated LDPE. The results of the Raman analysis indicated that the best treatment was the one applied with G. mellonella conditioned with beeswax, obtaining a wavelength intensity of 0.45 μ.a., while the weight reduction of the LDPE indicated that the best results were given at 36 h and conditioned with beeswax with a reduction of 236.3 mg. In conclusion, the use of G. mellonella for the biodegradation of low-density polyethylene is effective when it is conditioned with beeswax and the treatment is carried out at 36 h.
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    Observations of electric fields during two partial solar eclipses at the geomagnetic equator
    (2025-12-03)
    Manuel Bravo
    ;
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    Adriana Godoy
    ;
    Jackson E. Pérez
    ;
    B. Urra
    Abstract. This study presents the first coordinated observations of atmospheric electric field (AEF) and ionospheric plasma drifts during the partial solar eclipses of 2 July 2019 and 14 October 2023, observed near the magnetic equator in Lima, Peru. AEF was measured using a field mill, while ionospheric drifts were obtained from radar observations at the Jicamarca Radio Observatory and local magnetometers. The two events displayed contrasting electrodynamic responses: in 2019, AEF variations were ambiguous due to meteorological fluctuations, while in 2023, clearer weather conditions revealed distinct decreases in both surface AEF and ionospheric vertical drift near maximum obscuration. These results demonstrate the variable nature of eclipse-time electrodynamics and demonstrate that simultaneous measurements of AEF and ionospheric electric field are crucial for elucidating the mechanisms of vertical coupling between atmospheric layers. Such coordinated observations provide preliminary insight into how solar and terrestrial drivers jointly modulate the near-surface electric environment, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of atmosphere–ionosphere interactions in low-latitude regions.