Marcos Carbajal, Pool

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Marcos Carbajal, Pool
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2014 - 201932020 - 202627

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  • Publicacion
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    Distribución de frecuencias del polimorfismo T1236C en el gen ABCB1 en las poblaciones peruanas y comparación con poblaciones de América, Asia, Europa y África
    (2025-09-11)
    Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Centro de Investigación de Medicina Tradicional y Farmacología. Lima, Perú. Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Centro de Investigación de Medicina de Altura. Lima, Perú. Doctor en medicina
    ;
    Salazar Granara, Alberto
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    cirujano., médico
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    Sandoval Sandoval, José
    ;
    Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Centro de Investigación de Genética y Biología Molecular. Lima, Perú. Licenciado en biología; doctor en Filosofía.
    Objective: Mutations in the ABCB1 gene have an impact on the response to various drugs and may be associated with the development of neoplasms. This study explores and compares the frequency distribution of the 1236T>C polymorphism in theABCB1 gene among nine Peruvian populations from different geographical origins and altitudes, as well as the genotype/allele frequencies reported in populations from various continents worldwide. Materials and methods: Sampling was carried out in the following departments and localities: Lima (n = 8), Loreto–Andoas (n = 16), San Martín–Lamas (n = 16), Puno–Uros (n = 7), Puno–Taquile (n = 5), Arequipa–Chivay (n = 10), Arequipa–Cabanaconde (n = 6), Ancash–Parobamba (n = 10), and Apurímac–Andahuaylas (n = 10). Biological samples (peripheral blood and/or epithelial cells) were collected via buccal swabs. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted using a standard protocol. The 1236T>C polymorphism (rs1128503) was identified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Variables were categorized by geographical origin (coast, highlands, or jungle) and altitude (< 2,500 or > 2,500meters above sea level [m a.s.l.]). Statistical analyses included the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and Pearson’s chi-square test, with a significance level of p < 0.05 and a 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI). Results: The frequency distribution of the 1236T>Cpolymorphism in the ABCB1 gene was determined for the Peruvian populations studied. Across coastal, highland, and jungle regions, the heterozygous C/T genotype (associated with intermediate P-glycoprotein activity) was the most prevalent, with thehighest frequency (60 %) observed on Taquile Island (Lake Titicaca, Puno). In the overall Peruvian sample (n = 88), the frequency of the C/T genotype was 43 % at < 2,500 and 50 % at > 2,500 m a.s.l. In contrast, the homozygous C/C (normal activity) and T/T (slow activity) genotypes showed similar frequencies at < 2,500 m a.s.l. (30 % and 28 %, respectively) but differed at > 2,500 m a.s.l. (35 % and 15 %, respectively). The overall genotype distribution in the Peruvian populations studied was 47 % C/T, 33 % C/C, and 20 % T/T. The Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium achieved no statistical significance. Conclusions: The 1236T>C polymorphism in the ABCB1 gene among Peruvian populations showed a predominance of the heterozygous C/T genotype, with variations associated with geographic region and altitude. In general, the same trend was observed across countries and continents.
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    Material suplementario del artículo: Diversidad genómica de Escherichia coli uropatógena en aislados clínicos de seis países de Latinoamérica, 2018-2023
    (2025-06-19)
    Caballero, Francesca
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    Martinez-Ventura, Anne
    ;
    Cuicapuza, Diego
    ;
    Fajardo-Loyola, Alex
    ;
    Gutierrez-Ajalcriña, Rosmery
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    Influencia de la dieta vegetariana y carnívora en relación a la hemoglobina y hematocrito
    (2020-06-30)
    Yalle-Herencia, Oscar
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    Larico-Ayma, Gonzalo
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    Sousa, Gabrielly Boeira-De
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    Marcos Carbajal, Pool  
    The present study establishes the degree of influence of the vegetarian and carnivore diets on the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels of students of human medicine of the Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, 2018. The goal was to find out if people who follow a vegetarian or carnivore diet are deficient in hematocrit and hemoglobin. Out of the vegetarians, 23 followed different types of vegetarianism. The following ranges were considered: hemoglobin (12 - 16 g/dL) and hematocrit (36 - 48 %). It is concluded that, regarding the diet and hemoglobin/hematocrit levels, most respondents show normal ranges, and people who follow a vegetarian diet do not present highly-deficient hematocrit and hemoglobin levels, and have a better nutritional level than those who follow a carnivore diet.
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    Pruebas moleculares para el diagnóstico de COVID-19: La respuesta de Sudamérica
    (2021-11-15)
    Marcos Carbajal, Pool  
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    Allca-Muñoz, Christian
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    Ganoza-Farro, Macarena
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    Valdez-Olivera, André
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    Gomez-Martel, Allison
    Actualmente a nivel mundial se utiliza la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcriptasa inversa (RT-PCR) como una técnica de alta precisión en la detección y amplificación de secciones específicas de la estructura génica. En tal sentido es considerado como prueba diagnóstica molecular en la detección del SARS-CoV-2. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en artículos publicados en los últimos 5 años (2015 – 2020). Se consultaron las bases de datos: PUBMED (Medline), PUBMED CENTRAL, y SCIELO. Se recuperaron artículos en español, portugués, e inglés, mediante los términos de búsqueda SARS-CoV-2, RT-PCR, y COVID-19. Las RT-PCR que utilicen especímenes de hisopado nasal y faríngeos son considerados como gold standard en casos sospechosos de COVID-19. Mediante lo revisado a nivel de Sudamérica, la RT-PCR resultó ser la prueba de elección durante el período menor a 7 días de infección, resaltando la producción in house en escala por Uruguay y la Prueba de amplificación isotérmica mediada por bucle (RT-LAMP) adaptado en Perú, como una alternativa diagnóstica rápida con principios similares a la RT-PCR, solo que para establecimientos de salud con menor equipamiento, e infraestructura y personal entrenado. La disponibilidad de pruebas diagnósticas moleculares también es crucial para el aislamiento de casos positivos y el seguimiento de la cadena epidemiológica de transmisión.
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    Full Genome Analysis of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Isolated from Peru, 2013
    (2014-04-18)
    Carlos Padilla  
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    Fredy J Condori
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    Maribel Huaringa
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    Pool Marcos-Carbajal  
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    Nancy Rojas
    The pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus has been reported in Peru since 2009. We report the whole-genome sequence analysis of a viral isolate from an infection case that occurred during an influenza outbreak in 2013. This strain shows novel hemagglutinin (HA) mutations that may cause an antigenic drift that diminishes the protective effect of the vaccine.
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    Cambios en la microbiota intestinal en neonatos pretérmino en un hospital de tercer nivel en Perú
    (2022-06-15)
    Flores de Valgas-Velez, Lissette
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    Huzco-Rutti, Natali
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    Marcos Carbajal, Pool  
    Introducción: La Microbiota Intestinal (MI) del recién nacido pretérmino (RNP) es modificada por factores como la hospitalización, los antibióticos, la nutrición post natal, entre otros. El estudio: Investigación observacional – longitudinal con objetivo de analizar los cambios en la MI promovidos por el tipo de lactancia recibida en neonatos <37 semanas de edad gestacional. Se analizaron muestras de 23 neonatos hospitalizados en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCIN) y Neonatología. Hallazgos: No se encontró diferencia significativa en el desarrollo de la MI respecto al tipo de alimentación, sin embargo se observó una tendencia diferente entre los neonatos alimentados con Leche Humana (LH) que aumentaron la cantidad de Lactococcus y Clostridium mientras disminuyeron Lactobacillus, opuesto al grupo alimentado con Lactancia Mixta (LM) que aumentó la abundancia de Lactobacillus y disminuyó Lactococcus y Clostridium; Conclusión: Se concluye que los miembros específicos de la MI del RNP depende de la interacción dinámica entre el huésped y el tipo de selección dietética.
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    Exploración de la actividad antibacteriana de Metformina frente a Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus y Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    (2020-11-15)
    Marcos Carbajal, Pool  
    ;
    Allca-Muñoz, Christian
    ;
    Urbano-Niño, Ángel
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    Salazar‐Granara, Alberto
    El objetivo del estudio es determinar la actividad antibacteriana de Metformina frente a Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus y Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Se evaluó la actividad antibacteriana mediante la técnica de Kirby Bauer. Se utilizó cepas de Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) y Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), las cuales se expusieron a Metformina en concentraciones de 250 mg y 500 mg, Ciprofloxacino (CIP) 5 µg, Imipenem (IPM) 10 µg, y Cefoxitin (FOX) 30 µg. Frente a Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus y Pseudomonas aeruginosa se presentó un halo de inhibición de 6 mm. para Metformina 250 mg, 6 mm. para Metformina 500 mg, y un halo de inhibición >25 mm. con el uso de Ciprofloxacino 5 µg, Cefoxitin 30 µg, e Imipenem 10 µg respectivamente. En conclusion, In vitro Metformina a dosis de 250 y 500 mg, no presentó efecto antibacteriano frente a Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus y Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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    Diversidad genómica de Escherichia coli uropatógena en aislados clínicos de seis países de Latinoamérica, 2018-2023
    (2025-06-19)
    Caballero, Francesca
    ;
    Martinez-Ventura, Anne
    ;
    Cuicapuza Arteaga, Diego
    ;
    Fajardo-Loyola, Alex
    ;
    Gutierrez-Ajalcriña, Rosmery
    BACKGROUND: Motivation for the study. To contribute to the genomic surveillance of UPEC in clinical samples from Latin America, in response to the growing public health problem represented by UTIs and their resistance to antimicrobials. Main findings. Our study revealed a high frequency of high-risk clones, such as ST131 and ST1193. Critical mutations were identified in genes associated with resistance to multiple antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones, beta-lactams, and fosfomycin. Implications. Our results highlight the urgent need to strengthen UPEC surveillance in Latin America. Tracking resistant strains and implementing measures to limit their spread is crucial and has a significant impact on the effectiveness of available treatments. OBJECTIVE.: To genetically characterize clinical isolates of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) from hospitals in Peru and contextualize them against 127 additional UPEC genomes reported in six Latin American countries between 2018 and 2023. MATERIALS AND METHODS.: The genomes of 16 Peruvian UPEC isolates were sequenced, assembled and supplemented with 127 genomes available in the NCBI public database. Serotypes, sequence types (STs), antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, and resistance-associated mutations were identified. A phylogenetic analysis was also conducted in order to determine evolutionary relations and distribution in phylogroups. RESULTS.: The ST131 clone was the most prevalent (42.7%), followed by ST1193 (13.3%). Phylogroup B2 was widely predominant (83.2%), with serotype O25:H4 standing out. The resistance genes blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-15, and blaCTX-M-27 were identified with high frequency, as well as mutations in gyrA and parC associated with fluoroquinolone resistance, especially in the ST131 clone. CONCLUSION.: Our findings show high circulation of high-risk UPEC clones, such as ST131 and ST1193, in Latin America, along with a notable burden of genes and mutations linked to multidrug resistance, highlighting the need to strengthen regional genomic surveillance. BACKGROUND: Motivation for the study. To contribute to the genomic surveillance of UPEC in clinical samples from Latin America, in response to the growing public health problem represented by UTIs and their resistance to antimicrobials. Main findings. Our study revealed a high frequency of high-risk clones, such as ST131 and ST1193. Critical mutations were identified in genes associated with resistance to multiple antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones, beta-lactams, and fosfomycin. Implications. Our results highlight the urgent need to strengthen UPEC surveillance in Latin America. Tracking resistant strains and implementing measures to limit their spread is crucial and has a significant impact on the effectiveness of available treatments.
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    Gut microbiota characterization in vegetarian adults from the adventist population living in coastal, highland, and jungle regions of Peru
    (2025-11-27)
    Marcos Carbajal, Pool  
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    Medina Ramirez, Sebastian Andre  
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    Yareta Yareta, José Luis  
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    Otiniano Trujillo, Miguel Angel  
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    Chambi Quispe, Mario Salomón
    Abstract Introduction The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, and its composition can be influenced by factors such as diet, genetics, age, and health status. Among these, diet is one of the most significant determinants of microbial balance. A well-balanced diet promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria, reducing intestinal inflammation and the risk of chronic diseases. Vegetarian diets have been proposed to confer beneficial effects on gut health; however, many questions remain regarding microbial profiles, their variability, and the potential influence of geographic and cultural factors—particularly within Latin American contexts. This study aims to address this gap by presenting the first characterization of the gut microbiota in vegetarian adults from the Adventist population living in three distinct regions of Peru. Methods Stool samples were used as a proxy to analyze gut microbiota composition through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Standard descriptive analyses were performed to assess bacterial composition, including diversity and relative abundance across samples. Results The gut microbial communities of Peruvian vegetarians revealed three distinct enterotypes, with distribution varying by region. Enterotype 1 (ET1), predominant in coastal and highland regions, exhibited the highest bacterial richness and diversity. Enterotype 2 (ET2), observed in highland and jungle areas, was characterized by higher levels of Prevotella . Enterotype 3 (ET3), more frequent in the jungle region, showed a greater abundance of Bacteroides and Faecalibacterium . Conclusions Despite all participants adhering to a vegetarian diet, notable diversity in gut microbiota profiles was observed within this population. While three distinct enterotypes were identified, consistent with findings in other populations, the specific profiles differed from those previously reported. This study highlights the importance of incorporating variables that enable greater resolution in future research, allowing better control of within-population variability, such as that observed in Peruvian vegetarians, and ultimately enhancing the accuracy of microbiome-related conclusions.
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    The Emergence of Sars-CoV-2 Variant Lambda (C.37) in South America
    (2021-10-27)
    Romero, Pedro E.
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    Dávila-Barclay, Alejandra
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    Salvatierra, Guillermo
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    González, Luis
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    Cuicapuza, Diego
    The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants with potentially increased transmissibility, virulence, and resistance to antibody neutralization poses new challenges for the control of COVID-19 (1), particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where transmission remains high and vaccination progress is still incipient...
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